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Did you know that The Jewish Calendar

The Jewish calendar is lunisolar. The years are counted according to the Earth’s rotation around the Sun, while the Moon's motions are taken into account when determining the months.

On 10 September 2018 (according to the Jewish calendar, on the 1st of Tishrei), the 5779th Jewish year began. This is a conventional calculation based on biblical history. Its starting point is the creation of the world and, more specifically, the day on which Adam and Eve were created. The Bible does not give any dates, but often there is information on how long a given person lived or how old they were when they became a parent. This provided the basis for the estimated calculations of the years.

An interesting fact is that the month of Tishrei, in which the Rosh Hashanah festival is celebrated (literally meaning the "head of the year"), is not the first month in the Jewish calendar at all. Months are not named in the Torah (their names appear later), but they are numbered and the spring month of Nisan is described as the first, while Tishrei is the seventh month.

In the Jewish calendar, months are measured according to the cycles of the Moon and last 29 or 30 days. The birth of a new moon (Rosh Chodesh – literally the "head of the month") has the status of a half-holiday and is accompanied by additional prayers. The full moon always falls on the middle of the month.

Tags: Jews time multiculturalism Creative Commons licenses
Torah shield

Rectangular, closed with a trifoliate arch, with the figures of Moses (on the left) and Aaron (on the right), and the Decalogue tables (in the middle), with the initial words of the commandments engraved in Hebrew. The figures of Moses and Aaron are flanked by spiral columns. On their plinths are Hebrew inscriptions marking the date: on the right plinth, תקס ("560"), on the left: לפק (“according to the abbreviated calculation”) [=1800]. In the three-leaf top, three openwork crowns with colourful glasses are attached.

Tags: multiculturalism religion judaica silversmiths 2D sacred art public domain
Subjects: multiculture religion sculpted
Technique: engraving chiselling inlaying casting
Material: silver colored glass
Lemko “czuha” (a male coat)

The czuha played a special role in the outfit of the Lemkos: it symbolised wealth and prestige. The czuha was obligatorily worn to Orthodox church, on more important festivals — even in the summer, as well as for weddings (even if one had to borrow it). It was a kind of a voluminous coat made of brown domestic cloth, which for other Lemkos was indicative of its owner’s origin.

Tags: Lemkos clothing 3D multiculturalism audiodescription fabric public domain
Subjects: multiculture daily life clothing
Material: homespun
Hutsul saddle “tornycia”

The saddle consists of two saddlebows, a seat in the form of two runners, two stirrups, and two straps. The front and rear saddlebows and the seat are geometrically ornamented (with a motif of a floral rosette). The stirrups are in the shape of bows tied with leather straps (stirrup leathers). There is no saddle cloth.

Tags: craft Hutsul region 3D horse riding multiculturalism public domain
Subjects: multiculture daily life
Technique: sculpture engraving casting tanning
Material: leather beech wood
Painting “Jews” by Piotr Michałowski

The group portrait of the Galician Jews belongs to the late works by Piotr Michałowski (1800—1855). It was created in a time when the artist — treating painting as a hobby — managed the estate in Bolestraszyce near Przemyśl. This painting, being actually an oil study, is similar in character to the 17th-century Dutch portraits. From the dark, abstract space busts of five Jews emerge.

Tags: portrait Jews painting 2D multiculturalism audiodescription public domain
Subjects: multiculture painted famous people
Technique: oil painting
Material: canvas
Bond Committee for the Construction of the New Synagogue in Tarnów

The document was issued by the Committee for the Construction of  New Synagogue in Freunds Druckerei in Breslau in the autumn of 1864. The bond amount is 50 Austrian guilders, and it was issued in the name of Zelig Offner. Exactly 44 years separate the date of the bond issuing and the moment when the New Synagogue was opened, which took place on the 18th of September 1908. The grand opening of the magnificent building, which is the pride of the Jews of Tarnów, was preceded by an excruciatingly long period of several decades when the walls were built slowly.

Tags: synagogue document Jews 2D multiculturalism public domain
Subjects: city multiculture religion written
Technique: print
Material: paper
Gypsy wagon

In the extensive exhibition devoted to the history and culture of the Romani/Gypsies, the exhibits particularly attracting the attention of visitors are the colourful wagons presented in the courtyard of the Ethnographic Museum. Preserved in the Polish landscape in the 1st half of the 20th century as well as in Polish pop culture thanks to the song by Maryla Rodowicz, they make an interesting memento of the vagabond, truly “Gypsy life”.

Tags: Romani/Gypsies 2D tradition multiculturalism audiodescription vehicle © all rights reserved
Subjects: multiculture daily life
Material: wood iron oil paint
Wojciech Doroszuk, “Reisefieber”

A project by Wojciech Doroszuk called Reisefieber concerns the problem of economic migration. During his stay in Berlin, the artist played the role of a newcomer from the East and was employed in the service sectors which are usually entrusted to emigrants. Based on his experience, five films and photography have been created, that form a multi-layered story of everyday, ordinary life in a foreign country, including both paid work and leisure activities, for example, participation in mass events organized in the city space. In each situation, the hero is shown as a stereotypical stranger, deprived of the will and the possibility of joining indigenous members of the community.

Tags: city video © all rights reserved document multiculturalism Virtual Małopolska 2D
Subjects: authority city multiculture daily life
Technique: photography video
Material: DVD digital photography on dibond
The Babylonian Talmud

The Talmud is the most important compilation of the oral Torah,  that was revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai. It is a commentary, an explanation, and a discussion. Before the Talmud, there was the Mishnah, to which Talmud is an extension.
There are two Talmuds—the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud—whose 1831 edition is presented in our collection. The process of editing the former was completed in the 4th century AD in Palestine, in the academies of Caesarea, Sepphoris, and Tiberias. The latter was completed a little later, at the beginning of the 6th century AD in Babylonia, in the academies of Sura, Nehardea, and Pumbedita. It is far more extensive than the Jerusalem Talmud.

Tags: judaica book Jerusalem Jews 3D multiculturalism public domain
Subjects: multiculture religion written
Technique: print binding
Material: paper
Michał Jelski, “D.G./D.Y.60s0-0-0.4s”

The photographic work of Michał Jelski, DG/D.Y.60s0-0-0.4s, is an unusual record of issues focusing on conflict. Its sphere of presentation – patches of colour – whose smooth transitions are disturbed by a distinctive streak, primarily refers to the manipulation of materials applied on the surface of the artistic medium used. The photogram technique used by the artist involves irradiation of photo paper without the use of special devices designed for this purpose, such as a camera. The image is created here is the result of obscuring the photosensitive material with semi-transparent or opaque objects (in such a case, we talk about the technique of luxography).

Tags: photography © all rights reserved multiculturalism tolerance Virtual Małopolska 2D
Subjects: photographed surprising contemporary art
Technique: home bleach on colored photogram
Material: photographic paper bleach
Orava clock

This is a domestic wall clock with a pendulum, having an escapement with a drive and a signalling mechanism chiming the hours. It is also equipped with a weight drive. The whole mechanism is placed in a wooden casing with a bell and a hammer at the top.

Tags: time 3D multiculturalism plants 3D plus public domain Orawa
Subjects: technics daily life
Technique: painting casting
Material: wood metal
Lemko skirt “kabat”

SA Lemko skirt, or kabat, was made of modrotrotnik – thin printed factory fabric with a pattern of small yellow flowers and small green stars. It was hand-sewn at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Such fabrics were made in the towns of the southern part of the Carpathians, in Bardiov, as well as in Krynica and Muszyna.

Tags: clothing Lemkos 3D multiculturalism folk costume fabric public domain
Subjects: multiculture daily life clothing
Technique: hand sewing weaving
Material: flax manufacturing percale
Did you know that The Spoons of Cecylia Chrzanowska

The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was a period of increased travel around the world for various purposes: exploration, research, and pure tourism. Various objects were brought back from these journeys, among which were both works of art of a specific culture, nation, or social group, as well as various utilitarian objects and souvenirs.

Tags: The Seweryn Udziela Ethnographic Museum in Kraków beliefs cult food multiculturalism orientalism © all rights reserved
Subjects: multiculture daily life religion at the table famous people
Torah crown

Six-arched, closed, covered with a canopy with a small crown and a bunch of flowers at the top. The profiled rim, decorated with two appliqué, openwork bands. The crown arches, alternated with figures of birds, are in the shape of lions standing on their hind legs with the front legs resting on narrow, flat bands in the form of a twig supporting the canopy with a drapery in the shape of leaves.

Tags: ornamental techniques multiculturalism synagogue religion judaica silversmiths 3D sacred art public domain
Subjects: multiculture religion
Technique: engraving gilding chiselling embossing casting
Material: silver
Torah mantle (Meil) from the synagogue in Szumsk near Krzemieniec

The cover in the form of an elongated rectangle was hand-sewn of a fabric with a tiny geometrical and floral design. On the obverse, in the cartouche, taking on the form of a laurel wreath, there is an embroidered donative inscription which reads:

זנ | אשה צנועה | מרת הינדא ז”ל |
בת הרב המ הג’ | מ’ שמואל כץ שנ’ | תעג לפק

Tags: sacred art judaica Jews fabric 2D multiculturalism synagogue public domain
Subjects: multiculture religion
Technique: gold thread embroidery silver thread fabric
Material: silver thread fabric
Jewish tin plate

This plate could have been used on the Sabbath or, more likely, during the Purim holiday celebrated in the month of Adar, which symbol is fish, used as an decoration motif in this exhibit. 

Tags: judaica vessel sabbath holy day 3D multiculturalism Jews silversmiths tableware public domain
Subjects: multiculture religion at the table
Technique: engraving
Material: tin sheet
Hanukkah lamp from Samuel Roth's shtibl

This unusual Hanukkah lamp was set on a wooden base, in the middle of which there is a small wall made of two planks, reinforced with another plank and a metal plaque on the back. To the front of the wall, a cast-iron chandelier is fixed.

Tags: judaica Jews Hanukkah 3D multiculturalism customs lamp sacred art 3D plus © all rights reserved
Subjects: multiculture religion sculpted
Technique: casting
Material: wood metal iron cast
The Wilamowice folk costume

Kęty and the town of Wilamowice, which was exceptional as early as in the interwar period, lie 7 kilometres apart. Wilamowice was founded as a settlement around 1250 by a group of newcomers from Frisia and Flanders who took care of their culture throughout the centuries, including their own dress and language, so different from the one in the communities nearby.

Tags: clothing tradition finery 3D folk costume multiculturalism ornamental techniques fabric woman public domain
Subjects: multiculture daily life clothing
Technique: machine sewing manual embroidery
Material: canvas taffeta
Jewish book of the Chevra Kadisha funeral brotherhood

A Jewish book belonging to a Chevra Kadisha funeral fraternity. It is a prayer book of the Ashkenazi rite (Nusach Ashkenaz). The Hebrew title of the book is Sidur Safa Berura ha-Shalom.

 
Tags: judaica book Jews 2D multiculturalism religion liturgy © all rights reserved
Subjects: multiculture religion death written
Technique: print sewing tanning
Material: leather paper
Jewish wedding ring

The ring was purchased for the museum collection in 1998 in one of the antique shops in Sącz. According to the owner of the shop, the ring was found among other objects hidden in one of the houses in Nowy Sącz during the war. The exhibit has a great historical value, as only a few similar objects could be found in Polish museum collections.

Tags: judaica marriage jewellery silversmiths Jews 3D multiculturalism customs 3D plus public domain
Subjects: multiculture daily life religion
Technique: engraving niello
Material: gold
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The Małopolska's Virtual Museums project is co-funded by the European Union within the Małopolska Regional Operational Programme for the years 2007-2013 and the Małopolska Province, as the undertaking of the Department of Business Development of the Office of Małopolska Province Marshal and the Małopolska Institute of Culture in Kraków in cooperation with 35 museums from the Małopolska region.