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Date of production quaternary
Place of creation Wieliczka, Poland
Dimensions height: 19−53 cm, length: 22−28 cm, width: 22−46 cm
ID no. III/63/M
Museum Kraków Salt Works Museum in Wieliczka
Subjects nature, excavated from the earth
Material salt
Object copyright Kraków Salt Works Museum in Wieliczka
Digital images copyright public domain
Digitalisation RDW MIC, Małopolska’s Virtual Museums project
Tags mine , salt , 3D , public domain

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This was used to identify a stalactite with an elongated, spindly-shape, hanging from the ceiling, for example, in a cave. It turns out that, in the case of halite, secondary crystallizations that grow from top to bottom can also take forms that are far from their classic appearance.

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This consists of crystalline halite in the form of a “shrub”, composed of fine salt crystals with an incomplete crystallization structure, flowstone, and having the form of a stalactite with small stalagmites. The specimen has a white, sometimes yellowish-red, colour. This was used to identify a stalactite with an elongated, spindly-shape, hanging from the ceiling, for example, in a cave. It turns out that, in the case of halite, secondary crystallizations that grow from top to bottom can also take forms that are far from their classic appearance. A good example of this is the dense “network” of flowstones and crystals growing as a cluster of small stalactites. Even more advanced development of such halite aggregates may already contain small stalagmites and even columns, while the whole specimen – due to its thickening, fine-crystalline cover – resembles a hedgehog. This is the original form of halite aggregations, which, with less careful observation, we probably would not associate with stalactites.

Elaborated by Witold Kuc (Kraków Salt Works Museum in Wieliczka), © all rights reserved

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Kraków Saltworks deposits

Salt exploitation history is connected in Poland, with the Miocen marine deposits filling the Pre-Carpathian basin. The salt series thickness varies from 250 m in Wieliczka up to 1500 m close to Wojnicz. It is built of five cyclothems, that is sedimentation cycles, beginning from aggregated and argillaceous rocks (sandstones, mudstones, claystone), argillo-calcerous and anhydrite claystone to anhydrites and halites.

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Salt exploitation history is connected in Poland, with the Miocen marine deposits filling the Pre-Carpathian basin. The salt series thickness varies from 250 m in Wieliczka up to 1500 m close to Wojnicz. It is built of five cyclothems, that is sedimentation cycles, beginning from aggregated and argillaceous rocks (sandstones, mudstones, claystone), argillo-calcerous and anhydrite claystone to anhydrites and halites. The Carpathian overthrust caused strong folding of the salt series and formed local concentrations of salt of industrial value. The Miocen halite deposits occure in the Carpathian forground, between Wieliczka (West) and Tarnów (East). The historical sources of the 11^thand the 13^thcenturies mention bestowments and privileges of salt mining. The documents certify that salt exploitation has been continued in ”Wieliczka” and ”Bochnia” salt mines for over 700 years. They belonged to the Kraków Salt Mines, that together with the Russian Salt Mines (Kałusz, Tyrawa Solna, Jasienica, Starasól, Stebnik, Modrycz, Solec, Sołotwina and Truskawiec) constituted the Royal Salt Mines. The salt mines brought profits for local people, tenants and the king. Archaeological investigations provide more and more proofs confirming salt exploitation in the area. About 3500 years BC. Bochnia area was already known as a place where salt was obtained by means of an evaporation method. Ancient coins dating back to the Emperor Hadrian times as well as chert and flint tools were found on slag heaps of the Russian Salt Mines. Due to development of the bore-hole method in salt mining, wider exploitation of the Zechstein salt deposits, the old salt mines began to loose their importance. Currently they function mainly as tourist attractions and sanitariums. In Bochnia, the lowest levels (from the XVI to the X) have been backfilled and the historical part (from the level I to IX) has been adapted for touristic purposes. The ”Wieliczka” salt mine reaches the depth of 327 m. It has 9 levels and about 300 km of excavations (galleries, inclined drifts, exploitation chambers, salt lakes, shafts and pits). Most of them are open for tourists.

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Geological deposits of Wieliczka

The Wieliczka salt deposit is a small part of the Miocene marine sediments that fill the Carpathian depression and has a close link with the geological structure of this region. It was created about 13.6 million years ago, as a result of sedimentation in the Miocene Sea, formed subsequently by tectonic movements. The lithostratigraphic profile of the deposit and its surroundings includes the Mesozoic (Jura and Cretaceous) and Cenozoic (Neogen and Quaternary) periods.

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The Wieliczka salt deposit is a small part of the Miocene marine sediments that fill the Carpathian depression and has a close link with the geological structure of this region. It was created about 13.6 million years ago, as a result of sedimentation in the Miocene Sea, formed subsequently by tectonic movements. The lithostratigraphic profile of the deposit and its surroundings includes the Mesozoic (Jura and Cretaceous) and Cenozoic (Neogen and Quaternary) periods.
Jurassic deposits (rocky limestones) form the basis of Miocene sediments. In the area of the Wieliczka deposit, they occur at a depth of about 760 m. They subside stepwise in the south-easterly direction.
Flysch chalk deposits occur in the Carpathian overthrust, whose coastline runs more or less latitudinally through the southern part of Wieliczka. The front of the Carpathian overthrust is built of two tectonic units:

Silesian Nappe (mainly sandstone and shale)
Sub-Silesian Nappe (mainly spotted marl)

Neogene sediments are represented mainly by Miocene age deposits. These are characterised by high lithological variability, and very complicated tectonics in the area of the deposit. The following deposits are included in these sediments:

Skawińskie (subsalt) — mainly marly clay with some inserts of siltstone and sandstone
layers of sulphate and chloride evaporites — mud deposits with clusters of anhydrite, gypsum, and rock salt
Chodenickie (presalt) — mainly clays and mudstones, in some parts with gritty and overground layers of brittle sandstone
Grabowieckie — grey loams and sands locally called “Bogucice”

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Salt stalactite

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Kraków Saltworks deposits

Geological deposits of Wieliczka

Salt stalactite

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